#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
    FILE *pf1 = fopen("progresie.in","r+");
    FILE *pf2 = fopen("progresie.out","w+");
    int i=0,t,n,r;
    fscanf(pf1,"%d",&t);
    while(i<t)
    {
        fscanf(pf1,"%d%d",&n,&r);
        int aux = 1+(n-1)*r;
        fprintf(pf2,"%d",aux*aux-aux+1);
        i++;
    }
    return 0;
}