#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int n, r, t;

int main()
{
    ifstream f("progresie.in");
    ofstream g("progresie.out");

    f >> t;
    for(int t1 = 0; t1 < t; t1++)
    {
        f >> n >> r;

        n--;
        int nr = n * r+1;
        int nr2 = nr * nr;
        int lr = nr2 - nr+1;

        nr--;
        if(lr - nr*nr == r)
        {
            int k = nr;
            while(k)
            {
                lr-=r;
                k--;
            }
        }
        g << lr << '\n';
    }


    return 0;
}