#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;

int t,n,r;

int main()
{int i,j,x;
ifstream f("progresie.in");
FILE *g;
g=fopen("progresie.out","w");
f>>t;
for(i=1;i<=t;i++)
    {
    f>>n>>r;
    if(r!=1)
        {j=n*(r-1)-1;
        fprintf(g,"%d\n",j*(j+1)+1);}
    else
        fprintf(g,"%d\n",r*(r+1)+1);

    }


return 0;
}