#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef long long ull;

int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
	FILE * i = fopen("progresie.in","r");
	FILE * o = fopen("progresie.out","w");
	int T, N, R;
	fscanf(i,"%d\n",&T);
	while (T--) {
		fscanf(i,"%d %d\n",&N, &R);

		ull res = (N * R - (R - 1));
		fprintf(o,"%ld\n",(ull)pow(res,2) - res + 1) ;
	}
	return 0;
}