#include<fstream>

#define LMAX 55000

using namespace std;

ifstream fin("progresie.in");
ofstream fout("progresie.out");

int t,n,r;
long long sol;

int main()
{
	fin>>t;
	while(t--)
	{
		fin>>n>>r;
		sol=1LL*(n-1)*r+1;
		sol=sol*sol-sol+1;
		fout<<sol<<'\n';
	}
	return 0;
}