#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    freopen("progresie.in","r",stdin);
    freopen("progresie.out","w",stdout);

    long long int nr,T,N,R,k,j;
    cin >> T;
    for(int i=0;i<T;i++)
    {
        cin >> N >> R;
        k=R*(N-1)+1;
        j=1;
        nr=1;
        while(nr<k)
        {
            j+=2*nr;
            nr++;
        }
        cout <<j << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}