#include<fstream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
	long long t,n,r,i,c,val,sol;
	ifstream fcin("progresie.in");
	ofstream fcout("progresie.out");
	fcin>>t;
	for(i=1;i<=t;i++)
	{
		fcin>>n>>r;
		if(n==1)fcout<<1;
		else if(n==2 && r%2==0)
		{
			val=r/2;
			sol=val+(val-1)*(val-1);
			fcout<<sol<<"\n";
		}
		else
		{
		c=r+1;
		if(n==2)val=c;
		else
			val=(n-2)*r+c;
		sol=val+(val-1)*(val-1);
		fcout<<sol<<"\n";
		}
	}
	return 0;
}