#include<fstream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
	long long t,n,r,i,c,val,sol,j;
	ifstream fcin("progresie.in");
	ofstream fcout("progresie.out");
	fcin>>t;
	for(i=1;i<=t;i++)
	{
		fcin>>n>>r;
		c=r+1;
		if(n==2)val=c;
		else
			val=(n-2)*r+c;
		sol=val+(val-1)*(val-1);
		fcout<<sol<<"\n";
	}
	return 0;
}