#include <stdio.h>

const char IN[] = "progresie.in", OUT[] = "progresie.out";

int Tes, N, R;
long long len;

int main() {

  freopen(IN, "r", stdin);

  scanf("%d", &Tes);
  freopen(OUT, "w", stdout);
  while ( Tes -- ) {
    scanf("%d%d", &N, &R);

    if ( N == 1 ) {
      printf("1\n");
      continue;
    }
    if ( N == 2 ) {
      printf("%d\n", N * ( N - 1) + N);
      continue;
    }

    len = 1LL * ( N - 1) * R + 1;
    printf("%lld\n", 1 + len * (len - 1));
  }
  fclose(stdout);
  fclose(stdin);
  return 0;
}